Jap lays herself out for laughter. I can con. ceive the man who has not acquired the art of understanding women, and has never experienced the delight of sincere intellectual companionship, being charmed and distracted by these chirping little "crickets on the hearth," who, at any rate, make the home hum and do their best to drive dull care away.

In the course of my wanderings I have had many an earnest discussion with talented European women on this subject of the Jap. anese craze. And though they feel very deeply-particularly those who have lived in and studied the country-the male preference for the Eastern doll and kitten, still they were liberal enough to own that the European woman, particularly the beauty of her race, might with advantage cultivate the art of pleasing, and understanding, man, who is often driven away from her side by coldness, indifference, and neglect, to find elsewhere either the sympathy or the liveliness that suits our various natures. For myself, physically or intellectually, this merry little Japanese bird has absolutely no charm. I do not admire her plumage or her note. The one does not please my eye, and the other jars upon my nerves. But then, I only speak for myself. As yet I am one of the few European foxes who has not lost his tail. When I arrived in Japan I was 'approached" in the usual way by one in authority. But I politely declined the entertainment offered me. I came out to observe for myself and not as an agent to advertise this or that Japanese institution.

When I told what I believed to be the truth and refused to invest in "palm oil" or to be suborned in any interest; I was told in pitying accents that I was suffering from

Cupid and the catarrh." Well, after all, honors were divided. If I caught the first malady in England, I captured the other in Japan. And I got rid of "the catarrh' with. out shaking off the Cupid.

But even the most devoted admirers of the life, social and moral, of modern Japan must regret the gradual but sure influence of European custom on so art loving and picturesque a nation. The modern male Jap, as I see him at the railway station or in the train, is a most comical creature. He sports a British pot hat or baggy cap, a second-hand ulster of English make, but does not discard the Japanese stocking with the divided toe, the moccasin slipper, or that dreadful wooden clog that squeaks over the pavement like a scratch

of slate pencil on a schoolboy's slate. Soon the only Japanese costume will be sported by the jinricksha men, who have not thrown aside their mushroom straw hats or their scarlet and blue dyed blouses. And little Madame Chrysanthemum appears to have sent her lovely flowered gowns to the second-hand clothes shop, and loves to deck herself out in European dresses, kid gloves, and, horror on horrors, high-heeled shoes and boots. The only advantage in this is that she is for the first time neatly shod; for, to tell the truth, Miss and Mrs. Japan are the most slipshod and" down at heel" ladies in the wide world. Mrs. Wragge and Mrs. Flintwinch were never "down at heel" than these Eastern beauties. They do not walk, they" slop❞ along the floor. Their movement is one eternal "duck" and shuffle.-CLEMENT SCOTT, in the English Illustrated Magazine.

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AN INCIDENT IN TYNDALL'S LIFE.-The following interesting story of the late Professor Tyndall is told by "O. K." in the Westminster Gazelle:

One evening Tyndall came and found me alone, or rather only in company of several books, just received from a great Munich friend of mine-Professor Frohschammer. To my surprise, Tyndall knew nothing either of the books or of the life of that remarkable scholar; he asked me to give him a general idea of both-not an easy task, to be sure. But I marked several passages in the work on "The Right of Independent Conviction" ("Das Recht der eigenen Ueberzeugung”), "Das Christentum Christi und das Christentum des Papstes," and several others, which were considered by the author as the foundation of the Old Catholic movement. The in. itiative of that splendid protest against Rome belongs more to Döllinger, but Frohschammer, undoubtedly, was one of its first advocates. Later on, carried away by the stream of rationalism, he left every definite creed, while the Old Catholics, now represented by Rector Michaud (editor of the Revue Internationale Théologique, Berne) and others, are more and more being drawn toward the primitive orthodox faith, such as it was before Rome introduced the Filioque doctrine and other new dogmas, contrary to the Seven Ecumeni. cal Councils.

Tyndall patiently listened to all these details; then, putting aside, one by one, all the volumes, promised to read them carefully. "Tell me his biography," he exclaimed ;

"how did he come to hold these views? Did you not tell me that he took Holy Orders?"

'So he did," I explained in reply. "His life has been a very hard one, full of struggle and privations. An orphan, depending entirely upon a remote relative, who was an old fanatical priest, the boy had no choice. He craved for books and learning, and begged to be sent to school. This was granted, on con. dition that he should devote his life to the Roman Church. The child naturally consented, and studied theology with such brilliant success that he soon obtained an appoint. ment as a Universitäts-prediger and Professor of Philosophy. But the more he matured in study and meditation, the more he felt that Truth was not religiously adhered to by the Holy See. Silence under such circumstances became intolerable, and he began publishing pamphlets, which not only made a stir in Rome, but were severely criticised and all put under the Index. Frohschammer, naturally, was thus compelled to give up bis parish. This deprived him of his living and of his uncle's support, but not of his craving for truth. He continued to work on. But once, as he was finishing one of his straightforward rebukes to Rome, he was struck with a kind of paralysis, which rendered him half blind. The Holy See then prohibited all Roman Catholic undergraduates from attending his lectures on Philosophy, but as there were hardly any students of any other persuasion at Munich University, this meant ruin to Frohschammer's career as a professor. Neverthe

less, he still worked on for conscience' sake, as if ignoring all the terrible conditions of a blind man's solitude. Occasionally his house. maid read to him, but it is easy to guess the way in which she must have deciphered some of the terms contained in his scientific books. This, however, often made my poor friend smile, and only added to his collection of amusing anecdotes about his 'literary help.'

Tyndall seemed interested in this very incomplete and fragmentary sketch of mine, and left me rather suddenly, carrying away with him all Frohschammer's books, and promising again to study them carefully. Next day the post brought me a letter from Tyndall and a check of one hundred pounds sterling, with a few lines only: "What I heard from you about your poor Munich friend, and all I found in his works, has so deeply impressed me that I beg you to forward him this check as a little help and as a token of my sym. pathy." I was naturally much touched by

Kind Tyndall promised, and did it at once in his clever, delicate, and charming way. This happened a little before my departure for Russia. My direct route lay viâ Berlin, but having some misgivings about the part I had played in this transaction, I resolved to return home via Munich, in order to see Frohschammer, which I did. I told him all about the £100 check, and the liberty I took in depriving him of so large a sum. No sooner had I finished my story than he exclaimed, Thank you heartily for having anticipated my feelings. Yes, Tyndall has done me the greatest kindness I could have desired, which I will always remember." Cruel death has deprived the world of these two remarkable men almost simultaneously. Frohschammer died a few months before his generous friend and helper.

SOME EPIGRAMS.-The term epigram, which literally signifies an inscription, was first applied to those short sentences which were inscribed on offerings made in temples. There is a terseness, a spontaneity, an exquisite pleasantry, a delicate irony, a tender pathos, in those little poems, those genre pictures, those

"Jewels five words long That on the stretch'd forefinger of all time Sparkle forever."

Avarice is a vice particularly noxious to the satirical epigrammatist. How cutting are the following lines on Stinginess in Hospitality," by Palladas !—

"Most people dine but once, but when we've dined

With our friend Salaminus, We dine again at home, for faith! we find He did not truly dine us."

The "wheat harvest of Bacchylides" yields us this "golden ear" of truth:

"As gold the Libyan touchstone tries, So man, the virtuous, valiant, wise, Must to all powerful Truth submit His virtue, valor, and his wit." Theognis applies to wine what is here attributed to the force of truth:

"Fire proves the treasures of the mine, The soul of man is proved by wine." The old Latin proverb runs, "In vino veritas." That Oxford epigram on the late Master of Balliol College is amusing: "Look at me, my name is Jowett,

I am the master of Balliol College, All that can be known I know it,

And what I know not is not knowledge." Cambridge has its epigrams too. Here is one written on the late Master of Trinity, Dr. Whewell, a man of great intellect but of overbearing manners and temperament:

Perhaps there are few better epigrams in our language than the following, composed by the Rev. William Clarke, an English divine and antiquarian who lived in the early part of the last century, on seeing the words Domus Ullima inscribed on the vault belonging to the Dukes of Richmond in the cathedral of Chichester :

"Did he who thus inscribed the wall
Not read or not believe St. Paul,
Who says there is, where'er it stands,
Another house not made with hands?
Or may we gather from these words
That house is not a House of Lords?"

..

The wise allow five reasons good for drinking:

As first the coming of a welcome stranger; Next that you're thirsty; then that you've been thinking

How soon of being thirsty you're in dan ger;

Fourth, that the wine's so good you can't refuse;

And lastly, any reason that you choose."

These are reasons which find practical expression in society among ourselves everywhere to-day. They remind us of Addison's "rule for drinking," formed, as he tells us, upon a saying quoted by Sir William Temple : "The first glass for myself, the second for my friend, the third for good humor, and the fourth for mine enemies." There used to be the custom of toasting a mistress in a number of glasses equal to that of the letters of her name. For instance Martial tells us"Nævia sex cyathis, septem Justina bibatur." This reminds us of George Hardinge's very happy jeu d'esprit on the names of Job's three daughters:

"Sex Jemima scyphis, septem Kheziah biba

When

THE FUNCTION OF CLOTHING.-Wind carries off the layers of air in contact with the body, replaces them by colder air, and promotes evaporation whereby the temperature is lowered to an almost indefinite extent. Every one knows the sensation caused by wind blow. ing on damp clothes or on the wet skin, and the intense cold thus experienced. To obviate this effect the wind must be prevented from reaching the surface of the body, and for this purpose skins and furs are the most efficient coverings. These constitute extremely warm clothing, and cannot be dispensed with in many parts of the world. It is perhaps well to repeat that these articles possess no warmth in themselves. worn they prevent the natural heat of the body from being rapidly dissipated and neutralized by the external cold air. Next to these come thick, coarse, woollen fabrics which entangle and retain large volumes of air. These are especially suitable whenever great fluctuations of temperature have to be encountered. Besides the properties already mentioned, there is another peculiarity connected with wool which enhances its value as an article of clothing-viz., its power of absorbing water, which penetrates into the fibres themselves and causes them to swell, and also occupies the spaces between them. This property is a very important one as regards health. The normal skin gives off nearly a pint of water, in the form of perspiration, during twenty-four hours, and this fluid disappears by evaporation. The passage of liquid into vapor causes heat to become latent, and the bodily temperature is thus lowered, as may be clearly observed some little time after exertion. If dry woollen clothing put be on immediately after exercise, the vapor from the surface of the body is condensed in and upon the wool, and the heat which had become latent in the process of evaporation is again

given off. Flannel clothes, therefore, put on during perspiration always feel warm, whereas cotton and linen articles allow the perspiration to pass through them, so that the evaporation and cooling processes are unchecked. There is, therefore, an obvious reason for selecting flannel clothing for wearing after active exertion. An individual who is perspiring freely is far less likely to take cold when clad in flannel than when clad in linen or cotton. Dr. Poore thinks that cotton might be made to acquire properties similar to those of wool by adopting a looser method of weaving the material. If linen or cotton be woven "in a loose porous fashion, these fabrics then become, as heat-retainers, scarcely inferior to wool." Woollen fabrics cause a sensation of warmth in virtue of another peculiarity which they possess. They often present a rough surface, which, coming into contact with the skin, causes friction, and therefore more or less warmth. The irritation thus produced is intolerable to some persons, but if it can be borne with for a short time the skin often gets accustomed to the sensation.

The color of the materials has some influ. ence on the warmth of clothing. Black and blue absorb heat freely from without, but white and light shades of yellow, etc., are far less absorbent. This difference can be demonstrated by experiment; the same material, when dyed with different colors, will absorb different amounts of heat. In hot countries white coverings are universally worn, and sailors and others wear white clothing in hot weather. With regard, however, to heat given off from the body, the color of the materials used as clothing makes little if any difference. Red flannel is popularly supposed to be warm, though it is no better in this respect than similar materials of equal substance, but white or gray in color. Dark clothing is best for cold weather, because it more freely absorbs any heat that is obtainable. Waterproof clothing is very valuable under certain conditions. It protects against cold, rain, and wind; but it is an exceedingly hot dress, for it prevents evaporation and condenses and retains the perspiration. Save for very short periods, it should never be worn by persons taking active exercise. For those, however, who are not exercising their limbs to any great extent, but are exposed to wet and cold, waterproof materials are an excellent protection. Woollen should be worn underneath in order to absorb perspiration, and the waterproof should be taken off as soon as the necessity for it has passed away. Ventilating water.

proofs are sometimes offered, but a real combination of this kind is an impossibility. If a garment let out air and perspiration, it will let in wind and wet. If thoroughly waterproof, it will not admit of any true ventilation.

With regard to woollen clothing as a protection against wet, it must be remembered that fabrics of this kind, especially if loosely woven, absorb an enormous amount of water. A man clad in thick woollen clothes, and walking in rain for some hours without other protection, is conscious of great weight and inconvenience. Under similar conditions cotton and linen garments are speedily satu. rated, and the wearer soon becomes chilled. Garments made of pure silk are exceedingly comfortable, but very expensive. Thin silk, worn under flannel, adds greatly to the protection afforded by the latter against chills, and likewise prevents the unpleasant sensation of friction Thin flannel socks, worn under merino, or woollen ones, form a good remedy for cold feet.

The principal conclusions to be drawn from the foregoing paragraphs may be thus briefly stated:

1. As a protection against cold, woollen garments of equal thicknesses are much superior to either linen or cotton, and should always be worn for underclothing. Furs and leather are serviceable against great cold, and espe cially against severe wind. Waterproof cloth. ing should be reserved for very wet weather, and generally for persons who are not taking exercise when exposed to it.

2. The value of several layers of clothing as compared with a single warm garment should be borne in mind. An extra layer even of thin material next the skin is often very valuable.

3. As a protector against cold, a garment should not fit closely to the body, but should be comparatively loose and easy, so that a layer of air is interposed between it and the skin. A loosely woven material is warmer than one of an opposite character.

4. For wearing at night, woollen clothing is not generally desirable; cotton or linen is far better. The blankets constitute the woollen covering, and ought to protect the body suffi. ciently.

5. Lastly, it must always be remembered that the source of heat is within the body itself, and not in the clothes. Proper food coupled with a due amount of exercise will produce heat; the function of clothing is to retain the heat thus generated. -DR. ROBSON ROOSE, in the Fortnightly Review.

THE theory of a "natural" rate of wages fixed at the bare subsistence-point which was first clearly formulated in the writings of Quesnay and the so-called physiocratic" school was little more than a rough generalization of the facts of labor in France. But these facts, summed up in the phrase "Il ne gagne que sa vie," and elevated to the position of a natural law, implied the general belief that a higher rate of wage would not result in a correspondent increase of the product of labor, that it would not pay an employer to give wages above the point of bare sustenance and reproduction. This dogma of the economy of cheap labor, taught in a slightly modified form by many of the leading English economists of the first half of the nineteenth century, has dominated the thought and indirectly influenced the practice of the business NEW SERIES, VOL. LIX., No. 3.

world. It is true that Adam Smith in a well-known passage had given powerful utterance to a different view of the relation between work and wages:

The liberal reward of labor as it encourages the propagation so it encourages the industry of the common people. The wages of labor are the encouragement of industry, which, like every other human quality, improves in proportion to the encouragement it receives."* But the teaching of Ricardo, and the writers who most closely followed him in his conception of the industrial system, leaned heavily in favor of low wages as the sound basis of industrial progress.

The doctrine of the economy of low. wages in England scarcely needed the formal support of the scientific econo

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"Wealth of Nations," vol. i., p. 86.